Open Hearing: Nomination of Lisa Monaco to be Assistant Attorney General for National Security

[Senate Hearing 112-306] [From the U.S. Government Printing Office] S. Hrg. 112-306 NOMINATION OF LISA O. MONACO TO BE ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR NATIONAL SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ======================================================================= HEARING BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION __________ MAY 17, 2011 __________ Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Intelligence Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.fdsys.gov ---------- U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 72-746 PDF WASHINGTON : 2011 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE [Established by S. Res. 400, 94th Cong., 2d Sess.] DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California, Chairman SAXBY CHAMBLISS, Georgia, Vice Chairman JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine Virginia RICHARD BURR, North Carolina RON WYDEN, Oregon JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho BARBARA A. MIKULSKI, Maryland DANIEL COATS, Indiana BILL NELSON, Florida ROY BLUNT, Missouri KENT CONRAD, North Dakota MARCO RUBIO, Florida MARK UDALL, Colorado MARK WARNER, Virginia HARRY REID, Nevada, Ex Officio MITCH McCONNELL, Kentucky, Ex Officio CARL LEVIN, Michigan, Ex Officio JOHN McCAIN, Arizona, Ex Officio ---------- David Grannis, Staff Director Martha Scott Poindexter, Minority Staff Director Kathleen P. McGhee, Chief Clerk CONTENTS ---------- MAY 17, 2011 OPENING STATEMENTS Feinstein, Hon. Dianne, Chairman, a U.S. Senator from California. 1 WITNESS Monaco, Lisa O., Assistant Attorney General for National Security-Designate............................................. 9 Prepared statement........................................... 11 SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL Letter dated April 12, 2011, from Kenneth L. Wainstein to Senator Dianne Feinstein and Senator Saxby Chambliss................... 3 Letter from Philip Mudd.......................................... 5 Letter dated April 8, 2011, from Willie T. Hulon to Senator Dianne Feinstein and Senator Saxby Chambliss................... 6 Letter dated April 5, 2011, from Joseph Billy, Jr. to Senator Dianne Feinstein and Senator Saxby Chambliss................... 7 Letter dated April 13, 2011, from Dale L. Watson to Senator Dianne Feinstein and Senator Saxby Chambliss................... 8 Questionnaire for Completion by Presidential Nominees............ 22 Prehearing Questions and Responses............................... 38 Additional Responses to Questions for the Record................. 76 NOMINATION OF LISA O. MONACO TO BE ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR ---------- U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ??-??? PDF WASHINGTON : 2011 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 NATIONAL SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ---------- TUESDAY, MAY 17, 2011 U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, Washington, DC. The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:37 p.m., at 3:37 p.m. in Room SH-216, Hart Senate Office Building, the Honorable Dianne Feinstein (Chairman of the Committee) presiding. Committee Members Present: Senators Feinstein, Wyden, and Risch. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. DIANNE FEINSTEIN, CHAIRMAN, A U.S. SENATOR FROM CALIFORNIA Chairman Feinstein. The Committee will come to order. We meet today in open session to consider the President's nomination of Lisa Monaco to be the Assistant Attorney General for National Security, replacing David Kris, who resigned in March of this year. Ms. Monaco was approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee, of which I am a member, by a unanimous vote on May 9th. And her nomination was referred under Senate rules to this Committee, the Intelligence Committee. Now, that's consistent with the joint jurisdiction that both of our committees have over national security of the Department of Justice. The Assistant Attorney General for National Security is a fairly new position, but it's a very important one. This position represents the government before the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act court and serves as a senior adviser to the Attorney General on matters relating to national security, such as intelligence collection, detention, and counterintelligence. I might just say--most people don't know--the FISA court, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Court, is capable of meeting 24/7, 365 days a year. I believe it has 11 judges, all appointed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. So they are ones that review certain intelligence-related matters. This Assistant Attorney General serves as the primary liaison to the Director of National Intelligence for the Department of Justice. We are all mindful of the need to fill this position quickly, especially in light of the May strike against Osama bin Ladin. The strike provided for a collection of a large cache of al-Qa'ida documents, communications, and videos that will no doubt lead to new counterterrorism leads. A Senate-confirmed official at the Department of Justice has to sign off on applications to the FISA court and other investigative techniques. So having Ms. Monaco in place quickly will allow the government to move much more quickly. Of course, the strike against bin Ladin may also lead to reprisal attacks. So this is a time of an additional potential threat of terrorism to this country. And the Attorney General, the intelligence community, the FBI, and the entire administration need to have their teams in place. Ms. Monaco has already testified before the Judiciary Committee. She's responded to written questions for the Judiciary Committee and for this Committee. Her views and positions are already a matter of public record. Let me just quickly describe her background. She has served as the Principal Associate Deputy Attorney General or acted in that capacity and served as Associate Deputy Attorney General from January of 2009 through February of 2010. She has considerable experience with the FBI, having served as chief of staff to Director Bob Mueller for two years. She spent six years as an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, where she received the Attorney General's award for exceptional service, the Department of Justice's highest award. She also received the Department of Justice awards for special achievement, not one year, but in 2002, 2003, and 2005. She skipped a year there, which we'll have to find out about. [Laughter.] She received her law degree from the University of Chicago Law School in 1997, her B.A. from Harvard in 1990. Her nomination has received support from a range of individuals, with letters submitted on her behalf from former Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey, former Assistant Attorney General for National Security Kenneth Wainstein, and former senior officials at the FBI and Department of Justice, which I now request be placed in the record. [The information referred to follows:] [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] So I want to welcome you, Ms. Monaco. And I think this will be a relatively brief hearing, particularly since you've already been through the Judiciary Committee. So if I may turn to a distinguished member of the Intelligence Committee who is now acting as vice chairman of that Committee, Senator Risch. Senator Risch. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman. I'm anxious to get on with the hearing, and I'll submit any comments for the record. Chairman Feinstein. Okay. Very good. Do you have a statement that you would like to make? STATEMENT OF LISA O. MONACO, ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR NATIONAL SECURITY-DESIGNATE Ms. Monaco. I do, Madam Chairman. And if I might at this time also introduce the members of my family who are here with me today. Chairman Feinstein. Please do. Ms. Monaco. I'm very happy that my parents, Dr. Anthony Monaco and Mary Lou Monaco could be here from my hometown of Newton, Massachusetts. I'm very thankful for their support. My brother Mark and his wife Jennifer Monaco are here from New York, and I'm especially happy that they brought their children, my niece Sophia and my nephew Nicholas---- Chairman Feinstein. Hi. Ms. Monaco [continuing]. To come and be part of this proceeding. I think they're particularly happy, however, that they got a day off from school. Chairman Feinstein. I think that's more important. No? They're saying, no, it isn't. [Laughter.] Ms. Monaco. I think we'll probably have a debate about that later. I'm also very thankful that I have a few friends in the audience and colleagues from the Department, including colleagues from the National Security Division. And I'm particularly honored that they're here today. Madam Chairman, if I could make a few brief remarks. Chairman Feinstein. Please do. Ms. Monaco. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman and Vice Chairman Risch. I want to thank the Committee for holding this hearing. I know you have extremely pressing business before you, and I appreciate the thoughtful consideration being given to this nomination. At the outset, I would like to thank the President for his confidence in nominating me and the Attorney General for his support. I am tremendously honored to be here today. In my statement before the Judiciary Committee a few weeks ago, I discussed the changes the Department has undergone since September 11th. I won't repeat those remarks here except to say that, over the course of my career, I have been privileged to participate in those changes. As a senior adviser, as the Chairman noted, and chief of staff at the FBI, I worked with Director Mueller to help advance the FBI's transformation from a law enforcement organization focused on investigating crime after the fact to a national security organization focused on preventing the next attack. I've also seen the evolution of the National Security Division into a highly effective organization, and I've had the opportunity to work with colleagues across the intelligence community. These changes reflect an intelligence-led approach to combating national security threats. And, if confirmed, I will be honored to continue that focus alongside the dedicated men and women of the National Security Division and their equally dedicated partners in the intelligence community. Thanks to this Committee and to the Congress, the Assistant Attorney General for National Security sits astride the law enforcement and intelligence responsibility of the Justice Department. And, if confirmed, I will serve as a bridge between the department and the intelligence community. This is a critical role and one which this Committee had the wise judgment to create. The mission of the National Security Division, quite simply, is to prevent terrorism and to protect the American people. As someone who has worked in both the Congress and in the executive branch, I know this Committee plays an important role in combating national security threats. I recognize that oversight helps promote accountability, and I understand the need to be responsive appropriately and quickly to congressional oversight. I am committed to forming strong and cooperative relationships in that regard. Every morning for the last several years, I have sat alongside talented analysts, agents and national security professionals and reviewed intelligence and assessed how the country is responding to the latest threat streams. This experience has taught me that our nation faces complex and evolving threats. To combat them, we must be aggressive and agile in our approach, and we must do so consistent with the rule of law. If confirmed, I pledge to give my all to that effort. Thank you very much, and I welcome the Committee's questions. [The prepared statement of Ms. Monaco follows:] [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Chairman Feinstein. Thank you very much. And we will begin with five standard questions that just require a yes or no answer. Do you agree to appear before the Committee here or in other venues when invited? Ms. Monaco. Yes. Chairman Feinstein. Do you agree to send officials from the Department of Justice and designated staff when invited? Ms. Monaco. Yes. Chairman Feinstein. Do you agree to provide documents and any other materials requested by the Committee in order for it to carry out its oversight and legislative responsibilities? Ms. Monaco. Yes. Chairman Feinstein. Will you ensure that the Department of Justice and its officials provide such material to the Committee when requested? Ms. Monaco. Yes. Chairman Feinstein. Do you agree to inform and fully brief to the fullest extent possible all members of this Committee of intelligence activities and covert actions rather than only the Chairman and Vice Chairman? Ms. Monaco. Yes. Chairman Feinstein. Thank you very much. And now, I'd like to ask this question because this is very pertinent to something we're going to be doing before the end of this month. Three provisions of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, commonly referred to as FISA, are due to expire. They were part of PATRIOT Act provisions. As you know, we are working to extend the provisions, preferably to 2013. These three expiring provisions are: one, roving wiretaps to monitor foreign intelligence targets who attempt to thwart FISA surveillance such as by rapidly changing cellphones; two, what's called the lone-wolf provision to monitor a non-United States person who engages in international terrorism but it is unknown whether he is connected to a specific international terrorist group; and three, the business records provision to obtain records as part of a foreign intelligence investigation. I'd like you to elaborate on your answer to the Committee's prehearing questions on this topic. And please tell us how the expiration of these three provisions would affect DOJ's intelligence and law enforcement work at this very critical period. Ms. Monaco. Well, Chairman, as you noted in your opening remarks, we are at a critical juncture and facing a stepped-up threat, and we need to be able to respond to that with all the leads that we receive in any number of different areas. The provisions that you mention are absolutely critical to that effort. The roving wiretap provision, as you mentioned, enables investigators to essentially have the same tools that criminal investigators have had for years and years, an ability to keep up with those who would thwart the government's surveillance efforts. If these provisions were to expire, we would be, I think, quite diminished in our ability to keep up with both rapidly evolving threats like those who use sophisticated means to try and thwart our surveillance effort and it would diminish our ability to keep up with threat streams as they come in. The business records---- Chairman Feinstein. Could you give us a couple of examples of lone-wolf attacks in this country? Ms. Monaco. Certainly, Senator. As this Committee is well aware and having received a number of briefings in other settings about the threat we face, I think I number of experts--the DNI and the FBI director have spoken about the particular threat we face from those who are self-radicalized, those who are not necessarily part of al-Qa'ida or directed by al-Qa'ida but rather inspired by al-Qa'ida's violent message. And individuals such as Nidal Hasan from the tragic events at Fort Hood, those type of individuals, who we may not be able to directly associate with al-Qa'ida but who are inspired, are the type of people that we need to have that tool, the lone- wolf tool. I would note, of course, for the Committee that that tool can only be used against non-U.S. persons. It has not been used to date, but it is certainly a tool that we need in order to be able to keep up with the evolving threat that we face. Chairman Feinstein. And the business records provision and why that's important in the United States? Ms. Monaco. Certainly. The business records provision, as you noted, allows agents and investigators to obtain critical building- block pieces of evidence in order to use, frankly, more intrusive methods down the line. It's a critical way to get information to build a case. It enables investigators to get things like hotel records, FedEx records, the type of things that, quite frankly, are very important in plots like the package plot that we saw last year. In order to get information from a shipping company to determine the origin of a plot like that, we need the business records exceptions. Chairman Feinstein. Was the business records provision used in the Najibullah Zazi attempted attack with the goods from the---- Ms. Monaco. The peroxide? Chairman Feinstein. The peroxide---- Ms. Monaco. I think I know what you're referring to. Yes, Senator, that is exactly the type of plot that we need that provision for. You're alluding to, I think, the ability of the investigators to track down the purchase of the peroxide that formed the base for the explosive device that Najibullah Zazi was plotting to use in September of 2009. Chairman Feinstein. Thank you. Thank you very much. Senator Risch. Senator Risch. Madam Chairman, this candidate has been well vetted by the Judiciary Committee, and I think that she has received high marks from virtually everyone I've talked to, so I'm going to pass. I was particularly impressed with her analysis of the expiring FISA provisions. And obviously we're going to have a spirited debate on some of those, but her view on them is important, I believe. So thank you, Madam Chairman. Chairman Feinstein. Thank you very much. I may have one other question on this--but I may not, too. Senator Risch. That's Okay. Chairman Feinstein. Let me speak about one thing, and that's in the subject of increased leak prosecutions by DOJ. In responding to the Committee's prehearing questions, you provided short status reports on four major prosecutions where the Department of Justice charged individuals in connection with unlawful disclosure of classified information to the media. Could you put the number and complexity of these prosecutions in historical context? Ms. Monaco. Thank you, Madam Chairman. As you noted, just a few of the summaries that I provided in my response to the prehearing questions I think reflect a stepped-up effort and, indeed, a priority placed on the prosecution of leak matters in the Department. These, I think, in the last 18 months--I'm going to estimate here--I think it's twice as many as has been done historically in this area. These are very, very important prosecutions. This Committee has, I think appropriately, pressed the Department and the intelligence community to bring these matters, to focus on these matters, to ensure that unauthorized disclosures are prosecuted and pursued, either by criminal means or the use of administrative sanctions. Leaks do tremendous damage. I know from my time at the FBI what they can do to an investigation, to a prosecution, frankly, to the lives of sources that are very important to these investigations. And they do tremendous damage to our ability to use specific methods, if those methods are disclosed, and to use those methods for collecting intelligence. If I'm confirmed, it would be my priority to continue the aggressive pursuit of these cases, challenging as they may be, but those challenges should not slow us down in aggressively pursuing those matters. Chairman Feinstein. Thank you very much. Senator Wyden. Senator Wyden. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman. Let me just apologize for being late and also missing an earlier statement. Chairman Feinstein. I saw you on the floor. Senator Wyden. Today has been bedlam, even by Senate standards, and I apologize for that to you. Chairman Feinstein. No problem. Senator Wyden. Ms. Monaco, welcome. And I want to start by talking about the matter you and I talked about in the office, and that really is my philosophy with respect to national security law. I think it is absolutely essential to protect the operations and methods that are employed day in, day out by the courageous people who serve us in the intelligence community. I think protecting those sources and methods is just sacrosanct, and I feel it as strongly as anything that relates to my public duty. But I also believe that all intelligence activities have to be conducted within the boundaries of public law. And as you know, when we talked in the office, I make a major distinction between public law and the operations and methods that I feel so strongly about protecting. Members of the public won't always know the details, obviously, about what intelligence agencies are doing but they also ought to be able to look at the law and figure out what actions are permitted and what actions are prohibited. In other words, the government is allowed to conduct these secret operations to protect national security, but I don't think our government ought to be able to write secret law. Do you disagree with that judgment? Ms. Monaco. Well, first, thank you very much, Senator, for taking the time to meet with me last week, and I very much enjoyed our conversation. I appreciate your taking that time. I did review the correspondence that you mentioned and, as we discussed, in this setting, I think I will simply refer to it in a general way, since it is classified. But I reviewed the points that you asked me to in that correspondence, and I think that there are very valid points that you made in that correspondence. I think that we need to ensure that we balance the need to keep certain information secret, to protect, as you noted, the intelligence sources and methods. But on the other hand, there is a tremendous value in making clear to the public how we use these authorities. It engenders trust, I think, in the way the government uses those authorities, and we rely--those of us in positions of trust rely on the public's trust in how we exercise our duties. And I understand the Committee's interest and importance of your knowing how we're exercising those functions, because you stand in the shoes of the public in exercising your oversight responsibility. So in short, I think the points you made in the correspondence that we discussed are quite valid. Senator Wyden. I think that's helpful. And, of course, you know, we're talking only in this unique language that you have for an open intelligence hearing. You then agree with me--and this is the part I want to nail down--that the application of secret law is wrong, because that's what I'm raising in the letter. And this is right at the heart, you know, of my concern-- protect the operations and methods, but I want to see an end to all of this secret law. Because I think and we certainly see this on the PATRIOT Act, if the public thinks that the law is this, and the law ends up actually being that, that's a prescription for trouble. And so what I really need to get on the record--and obviously I haven't talked about any of the points raised in the letter or anything that relates to operations and methods-- is I want to get on the record whether you share my view that the way law is being applied secretly is wrong. Ms. Monaco. Well, Senator, I absolutely agree that we need to make as much of the types of documents that you're referring to public as possible. There is a process, as I think the Committee is aware, to try and make sure the FISA court opinions that can be made public and the portions of them that can be made public are--that that is done to the fullest extent possible. I share your view that we need to make sure that we protect the sources and methods, and I think that we can do that while at the same time making clear and making public how we're applying the law in the open for evaluation of the Congress and the public. Senator Wyden. Do you agree that the government's official interpretation of the law should be public? That is to me a yes-or-no answer. Ms. Monaco. Well, respectfully, Senator, the whole notion and the reason we have the FISA court is sometimes the manner in which we're applying the authorities and the facts surrounding them have to necessarily be kept secret from our adversaries so that those tools can't be used against us. I certainly agree that we need to make as much public as possible and to be as transparent as possible in how we're using the authorities that the Congress has given us. Senator Wyden. Are key interpretations of the PATRIOT Act classified? Ms. Monaco. I think that there are a number of applications and orders from the FISA court that are in the process of being reviewed pursuant to a process that the Committee has been notified of. Senator Wyden. Well, it seems pretty clear to me that key interpretations of the PATRIOT Act are classified. That's the problem and I don't think the Department's releasing a bunch of statistics are going to clear that, you know, up. I mean, the big problem in my view is that the American people are being kept in the dark about their government's interpretation of a major surveillance law. And I think most Members of Congress aren't aware of how it's being applied either, even though they're being asked to vote for it. And I don't think this situation is sustainable. And my own view is, is when members of the public find out how their government is secretly interpreting the PATRIOT Act, they're going to insist on significant reforms. And I will only tell you: I think you're very highly qualified, but I still don't get a sense of urgency or conviction that this issue of secret law is of any real concern, because when I've asked specifically about it, you've either said it's complicated and there are other kinds of issues or referred me to something else. So if you're confirmed, I can assure you, you're going to keep hearing from me about this, because I think secret law is an increasing, you know, problem in this country. The American people are fair-minded and they understand this is a very dangerous world with very significant threats. And they want our operations and methods, as I do, protected so our men and women who serve in the intelligence community can do their job and know that they can do it with the maximum amount of personal safety, but that's very different than secret applications of statutes like the PATRIOT Act. Madam Chair, what's your pleasure? I had a couple of other questions, but I am well over my time, and I can wait for another round. Chairman Feinstein. Well, why don't you go ahead and ask them, because I think we're ready to wrap it up. Senator Wyden. Well, I thank you. Let me ask you about the FISA court opinions, which involves, of course, both secrecy and the law. In 2008, Senator Rockefeller and I wrote a letter to the Attorney General, the Director of National Intelligence and the Chief Justice of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court expressing our view that there ought to be a more regular process for reviewing, redacting, and then publishing the courts' major opinions. Now, I believe it makes sense to classify routine warrant applications that contain information about sensitive intelligence sources and methods, but a few of the court's decisions actually contain important rulings on the meaning of national surveillance law. And it's been my judgment that these decisions ought to be redacted and declassified so that the Congress and the public can better understand how national security statutes are being interpreted by the judicial branch. Now, in 2009, Senator Rockefeller and I followed up and we were told that the executive branch was working with the FISA court to set up this process. We've been updated a couple of times about what the new process would look like. But again, nothing has really changed. There haven't been any declassified court opinions as yet. And given this process has now been two years in the making, when can you tell the Committee that we might see some declassified opinions? Ms. Monaco. Well, Senator, as I understand it--and I know this was raised and I tried to respond to some extent in my prehearing questions, but as I understand it, there is a process under way by which the National Security Division reviews opinions and orders from the FISA court, and pursuant to the section, of course, of FISA that requires that the Committee be provided with significant interpretations and constructions in those opinions, that those documents are reviewed by the National Security Division and then, of course, shared with the intelligence community so that determinations can be made as to what can be declassified. These are, of course, judicial documents, as you noted. And I know there has been considerable discussion with a number of judges on the FISA court so that they too understand and agree that we should be providing as much of that material in an unclassified form as possible. So I know that there is a process under way for the substance of the opinions to be reviewed and for the intelligence community to determine what can be declassified. And if I am confirmed, I think one of my first priorities would be to check in and determine the status of that full review and to see when you can be provided a number of those opinions. Senator Wyden. Well, the process is two years in the making. I mean, what can you tell me is likely to change? When you tell me that you're going to review the process, that's what people have been doing for two years and nothing has changed. So what are you going to do differently? Ms. Monaco. Well, I think I'm going to have to make a determination. I don't have the facts in front of me. I think what would be the wise course, from my perspective, is to--if I'm confirmed--to get the facts on the ground, to do my own due diligence to determine what procedures have been set up. Are there efficiencies that can be realized? Are there things that could be done in a more expedited fashion--and make those assessments. I simply haven't been in a position in order to do that yet. Senator Wyden. I'm going to wrap up. I just want to convey in the strongest possible way that I think business as usual is unacceptable. And you have very fine, you know, qualifications, but I am still very troubled about your thinking with respect to secret law. I think that is going to be an increasing problem as the American people think the statute is really being applied over here. They're going to find out it's over there and it's going to undermine, you know, public confidence. And after two years of persistent efforts to try to get a fresh approach with respect to FISA opinions and making them publicly, you know, available when there aren't any national security risks to the public and say we're just going to study it some more--isn't acceptable to me. Madam Chair, you've given me an awful lot of time and I thank you for the usual Chair-Feinstein courtesy and grace. Chairman Feinstein. You're very welcome. Your views are well-known and somewhat appreciated. [Laughter.] I'd like to thank you very much for this hearing. I want to wish you well. We'd like to keep the record open for a couple of days so members can ask questions. And so I'd ask that those questions be submitted by Thursday. If you could respond very quickly, we could vote on your nomination next Tuesday and then hopefully move it very quickly. You have been through consecutive review of two Committees. So I think a number of Senators are very well aware of your views and your qualifications. So I thank you and your family, and particularly your niece and nephew for being here and being so polite and quiet, which is sometimes a problem for young people. [Laughter.] So thank you very much, and the hearing is adjourned. Ms. Monaco. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman. [Whereupon, at 4:09 p.m., the Committee adjourned.]

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